Monday, 15 March 2021

English - One word substitutes

Spelling Rules

Rule 1	C always softens to /s/ when followed by E, I, or Y. Otherwise, C says /k/.
Rule 2	G may soften to /j/ only when followed by E, I, or Y. Otherwise, G says /g/.
Rule 3	English words do not end in I, U, V, or J.
Rule 4	A E O U usually say their names at the end of a syllable.
Rule 5	I and Y may say /ĭ/ or /ī/ at the end of a syllable.
Rule 6	When a one-syllable word ends in a single vowel Y, it says /ī/.
Rule 7	Y says /ē/ only at the end of a multisyllable base word. I says /ē/ at the end of a syllable that is followed by a vowel and at the end of foreign words.
Rule 8	I and O may say /ī/ and /ō/ when followed by two consonants.
Rule 9	AY usually spells the sound /ā/ at the end of a base word.
Rule 10	When a word ends with the phonogram A, it says /ä/. A may also say /ä/ after a W or before an L.
Rule 11	Q always needs a U; therefore, U is not a vowel here.
Rule 12	Silent Final E Rules
12.1	The vowel says its name because of the E.
12.2	English words do not end in V or U.
12.3	The C says /s/ and the G says /j/ because of the E.
12.4	Every syllable must have a written vowel.
12.5	Add an E to keep singular words that end in the letter S from looking plural.
12.6	Add an E to make the word look bigger.
12.7	TH says its voiced sound /TH/ because of the E.
12.8	Add an E to clarify meaning.
12.9	Unseen reason.
Rule 13	Drop the silent final E when adding a vowel suffix only if it is allowed by other spelling rules.
Rule 14	Double the last consonant when adding a vowel suffix to words ending in one vowel followed by one consonant only if the syllable before the suffix is accented.* *This is always true for one-syllable words.
Rule 15	Single vowel Y changes to I when adding any ending, unless the ending begins with I.
Rule 16	Two I’s cannot be next to one another in English words.
Rule 17	TI, CI, and SI are used only at the beginning of any syllable after the first one.
Rule 18	SH spells /sh/ at the beginning of a base word and at the end of the syllable. SH never spells /sh/ at the beginning of any syllable after the first one, except for the ending -ship.
Rule 19	To make a verb past tense, add the ending -ED unless it is an irregular verb.
Rule 20	-ED, past tense ending, forms another syllable when the base word ends in /d/ or /t/. Otherwise, -ED says /d/ or /t/.
Rule 21	To make a noun plural, add the ending -S, unless the word hisses or changes; then add -ES. Occasional nouns have no change or an irregular spelling.
Rule 22	To make a verb 3rd person singular, add the ending -S, unless the word hisses or changes; then add -ES. Only four verbs are irregular.
Rule 23	Al- is a prefix written with one L when preceding another syllable.
Rule 24	-Ful is a suffix written with one L when added to another syllable.
Rule 25	DGE is used only after a single vowel which says its short (first) sound.
Rule 26	CK is used only after a single vowel which says its short (first) sound.
Rule 27	TCH is used only after a single vowel which does not say its name.
Rule 28	AUGH, EIGH, IGH, OUGH. Phonograms ending in GH are used only at the end of a base word or before the letter T. The GH is either silent or pronounced /f/.
Rule 29	Z, never S, spells /z/ at the beginning of a base word.
Rule 30	We often double F, L, and S after a single vowel at the end of a base word. Occasionally other letters also are doubled.
Rule 31	Schwa Rules
31.1	Any vowel may say one of the schwa sounds, /ŭ/ or /ĭ/, in an unstressed syllable or unstressed word.
31.2	O may also say /ŭ/ in a stressed syllable next to W, TH, M, N, or V.
31.3	AR and OR may say their schwa sound, /er/, in an unstressed syllable.

Learn more!

Read about the importance of spelling rules and the benefits of systematic and complete phonics instruction in our Research section.

https://www.logicofenglish.com/resources/spelling-rules

Basic Spelling Rules

The English language has two kinds of letters: vowels and consonants. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y or w. The consonants are the letters that are not vowels: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z.
Long vowel: We hear the sound of the letter just as it is when we recite the alphabet.
Examples: A long a is pronounced like the a in the words: make, cake, take, ache.
Short vowel: The sound of the vowel is soft.
Example: A short a is pronounced like the a in the words: mask, task, act, jack, bag.
1. Short-Vowel Rule: When one-syllable words have a vowel in the middle, the vowel usually has a short sound: Examples: cat, dog, man, hat, mom, dad, got.
If the letter after the vowel is f, l, or s, this letter is often doubled. Examples: staff, ball, pass.
2. Two-Vowels Together: When two vowels are next to each other, the first vowel is usually long (the sound is the same as the sound of the letter) and the second vowel is silent. Examples: meat, seat, plain, rain, goat, road, lie, pie.
3. "Vowel-Consonant- e" Pattern: When a short word, or the last syllable of a longer word, ends in this pattern: vowel--consonant--e, the first vowel is usually long and the e is silent. Examples: place, cake, mice, vote, mute.
4. Y as a long i: The letter Y makes the long sound of I when it comes at the end of a short word that has no other vowel. Examples: cry, try, my, fly, by, hi.
5. Y as a long e: When y or ey ends a word in an unaccented syllable, the y has the long sound of e. Examples: money, honey, many, key, funny.
6. I before E: Write i before e when the sound is long e except after the letter c. Examples: relieve, relief, reprieve. Notice the change when there is a c preceding the ie: receipt, receive, ceiling, deceive, conceive.
7. E before I: Write e before i when the sound is long a. Examples: weight, freight, reign.
8. Oi or Oy: Use oi in the middle of a word and use oy at the end of a word. Examples: boil, soil, toil, boy, toy.
9. Ou or Ow: Use ou in the middle of a word and use ow at the end of words other than those that end in n or d. Examples: mouse, house, found, mount, borrow, row, throw, crow.
10. Double Consonants: When b, d, g, m, n, or p appear after a short vowel in a word with two syllables, double the consonant: b, d, g, m, n, or p. Examples: rabbit, manner, dagger, banner, drummer.
11. The "ch" sound: At the beginning of a word, use "ch." At the end of a word, use "tch." When the "ch" sound is followed by ure or ion, use t. Examples: choose, champ, watch, catch, picture, rapture.

http://homepage.smc.edu/reading_lab/basic_spelling_rules.htm

Spelling Rules

3rd grade4th grade5th grade6th grade7th grade8th grade9th grade10th grade11th grade12th gradeElementary SchoolMiddle SchoolHigh School

image: http://www.yourdictionary.com/index.php/image/articles/19318.ThinkstockPhotos-140303135_Q.jpg

While spelling used to be taught via simple memorization, experts now believe that understanding key spelling rules is the best way to master new words.

Rules help you learn new spelling words in several different ways. For example:

· They take the mystery out of spelling by demonstrating patterns among seemingly unrelated words.

· They show connections between unfamiliar words and words you already know.

· They help you identify specific speech patterns that can offer clues as to how a word is spelled.

· They explain how new words are built using prefixes and suffixes.

Basic Spelling Rules

One of the most common spelling rules taught to elementary students is "I before E, except after C, unless it says A as in neighbor and weigh." However, there are a number of other rules that you can use to help decode the spelling of an unfamiliar word. For example:

· The letter Q is always followed by U. In this case, the U is not considered to be a vowel.

· The letter S never follows X.

· To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is needed. Examples of this rule include at, red, it, hot, and up.

· Drop the E. When a word ends with a silent final E, it should be written without the E when adding an ending that begins with a vowel. In this way, come becomes coming and hope becomes hoping.

· When adding an ending to a word that ends with Y, change the Y to I if it is preceded by a consonant. In this way, supply becomes supplies and worry becomes worried.

· All, written alone, has two L's. When used as a prefix, however, only one L is written. Examples of this rule include also and almost.

· Generally, adding a prefix to a word does not change the correct spelling.

· Words ending in a vowel and Y can add the suffix -ed or -ing without making any other change.

If you are interested in a rules-based approach to improving your spelling skills, check out the Spelling Rules website. The creator of this site has developed a Spell500 instructional method that uses spelling rules to teach students how to master up to 500 new words per day. By focusing on understanding before memorization, this study method proposes to drastically increase your spelling abilities.

Additional Information

To learn more about how you can use spelling rules to become a better speller, check out the following helpful links:

· Help with Spelling Problems for ESL Classes offers a list of simple rules to help people who are learning English as a second language.

· Dyslexia.org has a list of spelling rules designed to assist learning disabled students in mastering new vocabulary words.

· Some Rules and Suggestions about Spelling contains spelling rules as well as general tips for mastering new words.

· Absolutely Ridiculous English Spelling provides a slightly humorous look at the seemingly inconsistent methods of spelling everyday vocabulary words.

· Garden of Praise has clever songs that you can use to help memorize a variety of common spelling rules.

YourDictionary Web site has lists of 100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English and 150 More Often Misspelled Words in English that include rules you can use to help yourself remember how to correctly spell these tricky words.

Saturday, 27 February 2021

Still I Rise – Poem by Maya Angelou - Summary

“Still I Rise” – Poem by Maya Angelou

(Summary)

“Still I Rise” is a poem written by Maya Angelou, an American civil rights activist and writer. This poem is extracted from Angelou’s poetry collection “And Still I Rise” published in 1978. In this poem, the writer asserts the pride and dignity of Afro Americans (Blacks), who were the victims of the racism and domination of whites.

In this poem, the speaker directly questions the wrong doings of racist oppressors in the name of skin colour. She proclaims that the blacks (Afro Americans) will no longer remain silent, but will rise up against the discrimination.

The writer speaks as a representative of her community, particularly, the black women in America. She says that with the history filled with bitterness and lies, the blacks were suppressed. But, they will rise up like dust. She says that the racists are worried about the intelligence of blacks. But, the blacks will walk with confidence as if they have oil wells in their living rooms. She says that the blacks will rise up with hopes, just like the Sun and the Moon and the tides in ocean.

The racists prefer to see the Blacks (Afro Americans) broken with less confidence. But, Maya Angelou says that the Blacks will no more lose their self confidence and self respect. She says that she will laugh confidently as if there are gold mines in her own backyard. The racists may try to demoralize the blacks with their bitter words, belittling looks, and hatred, but still, the blacks will rise up.

The speaker directly questions the racists whether they are upset by the sex appeal of the blacks. She boldly says that she could dance as if she wears diamonds between her thighs. This bold reference to her body is a direct attack on the racist’s ill-treatment of black women.

In the last stanzas, the speaker proclaims that from the shameful and painful history, the blacks will rise. She compares the community of blacks to a black ocean which is very vast and powerful. She says that they are no more worried with the fear and terror. The Blacks would rise into a new dawn with the help of the blessings and gifts given by their ancestors. She finally says that she herself is a symbol of dream and hope of the blacks.

Thus, the poem symbolically represents resilience and revolutionary spirit of the Blacks (Afro Americans), who fought for equal rights in America, under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. and others. This presents the hope and confidence of new age Blacks such as Maya Angelou, who became successful in life with their talent and hard work.

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Noojilla Srinivas

Lecturer in English

M: 7981862200

Tuesday, 16 February 2021

Short Notices - Signs - Instructions - Matching - AKNU Language Activities

Short Notices / Signs/ INSTRUCTIONS – MATCHING

Sl.No.	Context/ Explanation	Sign/ Instruction
1	The ATM is not working	out of service
2	The Road is blocked	Take diversion
3	You cannot park your vehicle here	no parking
4	You are not supposed to make noise	silence please
5	You should not throw rubbish	don’t litter the place
6	You are not supposed to swim at this place/ in this area	No swimming
7	Do not enter unless wearing safety equipment	Safety first
8	You are not supposed to enter without permission	(Private Property) - No Tresspassing
9	This is a smoke-free property	Thank you for not smoking
10	High Voltage – Keep away	Danger
11	Entrance to Authorised Personnel only	Restricted Area
12	In case of fire do not use elevators (lift)	Use stairways
13	The easy way to stop germs	Wash your hands
14.	It is highly inflammable	Avoid fire
15.	The parcel contains glassware	Handle with care
16.	Aeroplanes are prohibited	No flying zone
17.	This building is old	Abandoned
18.	This is highly guarded by the police	Handle with care

NOOJILLA SRINIVAS

Lecturer in English, Govt Degree College, Alamur, Andhra Pradesh

Ph: 7981862200; email: noojillasrinivas@gmail.com

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Interpreter of Maladies – By Jhumpa Lahiri - Short story - Summary

Interpreter of Maladies – By Jhumpa Lahiri

(SUMMARY)

"Interpreter of Maladies" is a short story, written by Jhumpa Lahiri. She is an Indian American author. The story takes place during a tour of a family to the Sun Temple, Konark, Orissa. The story begins at a Tea Stall, Puri, Orissa and covers the incidents of a day until the family returns to their hotel.

The important characters in this story are Mr. Kapasi, Mr. Das, his wife Mrs.Das, and their three children. Mr. Kapasi is a middle aged person. He is a tour guide. He also works as an interpreter of patients' diseases in a hospital.

Mr. Das and Mrs. Das are Indian Americans. They come to visit the Sun Temple at Konark, Orissa, along with their children - Ronny, Bobby, and Tina. The story brings out the selfishness and childish behaviour of Mr. and Mrs. Das.

Mr. Das spends time by taking photographs or reading a book. His wife Mrs. Mina Das is interested in fashion and eating for herself. She always paints her nails. They don't take care of their children. Mrs. Das finds Mr. Kapasi’s other job as interpreter of maladies is very interesting. Further, her close talk and movements take Mr. Kapasi into a romantic imagination. She takes his address to send photographs.

When Mr. Das and the children went out for sightseeing, Mrs. Das sits in the car and reveals a secret to Mr. Kapasi. She says that the second son Bobby is born out of an illegal relationship with a friend of Mr. Das. She further asks Mr. Kapasi to interpret her feelings. This revelation shocks Mr. Kapasi. He asks Mrs. Das whether she was really feeling guilty about this. She becomes silent and comes out of the car.

Suddenly a group of monkeys surround Bobby and start beating him. Then Mr. Kapasi rescues the boy. All the family members now surround Bobby and shower their care and concern. This family picture looks perfect to Mr. Kapasi. He feels that he can preserve this picture forever. Thus the title is justified because Mrs. Das confides her secret to Mr. kapasi who acts as the interpreter of diseases.

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NOOJILLA SRINIVAS, Lecturer in English,

Govt Degree College, Alamuru, Andhra Pradesh, India

Ph: 7981862200; email: noojillasrinivas@gmail.com

MY BELOVED CHARIOTEER - Short Story By Shashi Deshpande- Summary

MY BELOVED CHARIOTEER - By Shashi Deshpande

(SUMMARY)

“My Beloved Charioteer” is a short story written by Shashi Deshpande. She is a famous Indian writer of short stories and novels. This story looks at the problems of women by interpreting the relationships among the women of three generations.

The three important characters in this story are – Ajji (Grandmother), Aarthi (daughter of Ajji), and Preethi (Granddaughter of Ajji). The story is narrated from the point of view of Ajji.

Both the Grandmother Ajji and granddaughter Preethi have more love and affection with each other. Both Ajji and her daughter Aarthi lost their husbands. Preethi is seven years old school going child. She fills happiness and enjoyment in the life of Ajji. But, Aarthi has been living in sorrowful mood since the death of her father and husband. She ruined her health by limiting herself to her father’s room. She smokes all the time and sleeps less. She doesn’t care for her daughter Preethi or for her old mother Ajji. Her behaviour is not liked by Ajji and Preethi. But, Ajji could not dare to speak to Aarthi in this regard.

One day, Aarthi warns Preethi for being very happy. Aarthi’s meaningless anger and behavior spoil the happiness of Ajji and Preethi. Unable to bear this, Ajji goes to Aarthi and expresses her displeasure. Further, Ajji reveals the facts about how she was suppressed by her husband (Aarthi’s father) and how rudely he used to behave with her. In the meanwhile, the photo of Ajji’s husband was broken. Ajji prefers to throw it out. She says that it is not good to live in the painful past neglecting the present and future. Aarthi comes to know the facts and is now on the path of improving her life.

Ajji gets her energy and motivation to deal with her daughter from the lively little girl Preethi. The little girl Preethi plays key role in improving the relationship between Ajji and Aarthi. Thus, Preethi is compared to Lord Krishna, the original charioteer, who motivated Arjuna to fight against enemies and perform his duty. Preethi is the beloved charioteer in the story.

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NOOJILLA SRINIVAS

Lecturer in English

Govt. Degree College, Alamuru, Andhra Pradesh

M: 7981862200; email: noojillasrinivas@gmail.com

Monday, 19 October 2020

PREFIXES - Vocabulary - Explanation

Please watch the following video for a lesson with explanation on the topic "PREFIXES"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4Rs9j4H5og&t=106s

ENGLISH NOTES SUMMARY

Monday, 15 March 2021

English - One word substitutes

Basic Spelling Rules

Spelling Rules

Basic Spelling Rules

Additional Information

Saturday, 27 February 2021

Still I Rise – Poem by Maya Angelou - Summary

Tuesday, 16 February 2021

Short Notices - Signs - Instructions - Matching - AKNU Language Activities

Interpreter of Maladies – By Jhumpa Lahiri - Short story - Summary

MY BELOVED CHARIOTEER - Short Story By Shashi Deshpande- Summary

Monday, 19 October 2020

PREFIXES - Vocabulary - Explanation

Literary Criticism Aristotle’s Poetics: Elements of Tragedy ________________________________________

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