Spelling Rules
Rule
1
|
C always softens to /s/ when followed by E,
I, or Y.
Otherwise, C says /k/. |
Rule
2
|
G may soften to /j/ only when followed by
E, I, or Y.
Otherwise, G says /g/. |
Rule
3
|
English words do not end in I, U, V, or J.
|
Rule
4
|
A E O U usually say their names at the end
of a syllable.
|
Rule
5
|
I and Y may say /ĭ/ or /ī/ at the end of a
syllable.
|
Rule
6
|
When a one-syllable word ends in a single
vowel Y, it says /ī/.
|
Rule
7
|
Y says /ē/ only at the end of a
multisyllable base word.
I says /ē/ at the end of a syllable that is followed by a vowel and at the end of foreign words. |
Rule
8
|
I and O may say /ī/ and /ō/ when followed
by two consonants.
|
Rule
9
|
AY usually spells the sound /ā/ at the end
of a base word.
|
Rule
10
|
When a word ends with the phonogram A, it
says /ä/.
A may also say /ä/ after a W or before an L. |
Rule
11
|
Q always needs a U; therefore, U is not a
vowel here.
|
Rule
12
|
Silent Final E Rules
|
12.1
|
The vowel says its name because of the E.
|
12.2
|
English words do not end in V or U.
|
12.3
|
The C says /s/ and the G says /j/ because
of the E.
|
12.4
|
Every syllable must have a written vowel.
|
12.5
|
Add an E to keep singular words that end in
the letter S from looking plural.
|
12.6
|
Add an E to make the word look bigger.
|
12.7
|
TH says its voiced sound /TH/ because of
the E.
|
12.8
|
Add an E to clarify meaning.
|
12.9
|
Unseen reason.
|
Rule
13
|
Drop the silent final E when adding a vowel
suffix only if it is allowed by other spelling rules.
|
Rule
14
|
Double the last consonant when adding a
vowel suffix to words ending in one vowel followed by one consonant only if
the syllable before the suffix is accented.*
*This is always true for one-syllable words. |
Rule
15
|
Single vowel Y changes to I when adding any
ending, unless the ending begins with I.
|
Rule
16
|
Two I’s cannot be next to one another in
English words.
|
Rule
17
|
TI, CI, and SI are used only at the
beginning of any syllable after the first one.
|
Rule
18
|
SH spells /sh/ at the beginning of a base
word and at the end of the syllable. SH never spells /sh/ at the beginning of
any syllable after the first one, except for the ending -ship.
|
Rule
19
|
To make a verb past tense, add the ending
-ED unless it is an irregular verb.
|
Rule
20
|
-ED, past tense ending, forms another
syllable when the base word ends in /d/ or /t/.
Otherwise, -ED says /d/ or /t/. |
Rule
21
|
To make a noun plural, add the ending -S,
unless the word hisses or changes; then add -ES.
Occasional nouns have no change or an irregular spelling. |
Rule
22
|
To make a verb 3rd person singular, add the
ending -S, unless the word hisses or changes; then add -ES. Only four verbs
are irregular.
|
Rule
23
|
Al- is a prefix written with one L when
preceding another syllable.
|
Rule
24
|
-Ful is a suffix written with one L when
added to another syllable.
|
Rule
25
|
DGE is used only after a single vowel which
says its short (first) sound.
|
Rule
26
|
CK is used only after a single vowel which
says its short (first) sound.
|
Rule
27
|
TCH is used only after a single vowel which
does not say its name.
|
Rule
28
|
AUGH, EIGH, IGH, OUGH. Phonograms ending in
GH are used only at the end of a base word or before the letter T.
The GH is either silent or pronounced /f/. |
Rule
29
|
Z, never S, spells /z/ at the beginning of
a base word.
|
Rule
30
|
We often double F, L, and S after a single
vowel at the end of a base word. Occasionally other letters also are doubled.
|
Rule
31
|
Schwa Rules
|
31.1
|
Any vowel may say one of the schwa sounds,
/ŭ/ or /ĭ/, in an unstressed syllable or unstressed word.
|
31.2
|
O may also say /ŭ/ in a stressed syllable
next to W, TH, M, N, or V.
|
31.3
|
AR and OR may say their schwa sound, /er/,
in an unstressed syllable.
|
Learn more!
Read about the importance of spelling rules
and the benefits of systematic and complete phonics instruction in our Research section.
Basic
Spelling Rules
The English language has two kinds
of letters: vowels and consonants. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y or w. The consonants are the letters
that are not vowels: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x,
z.Long vowel: We hear the sound of the letter just as it is when we recite the alphabet.
Examples: A long a is pronounced like the a in the words: make, cake, take, ache.
Short vowel: The sound of the vowel is soft.
Example: A short a is pronounced like the a in the words: mask, task, act, jack, bag.
1. Short-Vowel Rule: When one-syllable words have a vowel in the middle, the vowel usually has a short sound: Examples: cat, dog, man, hat, mom, dad, got.
If the letter after the vowel is f, l, or s, this letter is often doubled. Examples: staff, ball, pass.
2. Two-Vowels Together: When two vowels are next to each other, the first vowel is usually long (the sound is the same as the sound of the letter) and the second vowel is silent. Examples: meat, seat, plain, rain, goat, road, lie, pie.
3. "Vowel-Consonant- e" Pattern: When a short word, or the last syllable of a longer word, ends in this pattern: vowel--consonant--e, the first vowel is usually long and the e is silent. Examples: place, cake, mice, vote, mute.
4. Y as a long i: The letter Y makes the long sound of I when it comes at the end of a short word that has no other vowel. Examples: cry, try, my, fly, by, hi.
5. Y as a long e: When y or ey ends a word in an unaccented syllable, the y has the long sound of e. Examples: money, honey, many, key, funny.
6. I before E: Write i before e when the sound is long e except after the letter c. Examples: relieve, relief, reprieve. Notice the change when there is a c preceding the ie: receipt, receive, ceiling, deceive, conceive.
7. E before I: Write e before i when the sound is long a. Examples: weight, freight, reign.
8. Oi or Oy: Use oi in the middle of a word and use oy at the end of a word. Examples: boil, soil, toil, boy, toy.
9. Ou or Ow: Use ou in the middle of a word and use ow at the end of words other than those that end in n or d. Examples: mouse, house, found, mount, borrow, row, throw, crow.
10. Double Consonants: When b, d, g, m, n, or p appear after a short vowel in a word with two syllables, double the consonant: b, d, g, m, n, or p. Examples: rabbit, manner, dagger, banner, drummer.
11. The "ch" sound: At the beginning of a word, use "ch." At the end of a word, use "tch." When the "ch" sound is followed by ure or ion, use t. Examples: choose, champ, watch, catch, picture, rapture.
Spelling Rules
3rd grade4th grade5th grade6th grade7th grade8th grade9th grade10th grade11th grade12th gradeElementary SchoolMiddle SchoolHigh School
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While spelling used to be taught via simple
memorization, experts now believe that understanding key spelling rules is the
best way to master new words.
Rules help you learn new spelling words in several
different ways. For example:
·
They take the mystery out of
spelling by demonstrating patterns among seemingly unrelated words.
·
They show connections between
unfamiliar words and words you already know.
·
They help you identify specific
speech patterns that can offer clues as to how a word is spelled.
·
They explain how new words are
built using prefixes and suffixes.
Basic Spelling Rules
One of the most common spelling rules taught to
elementary students is "I before E, except after C, unless it says A as in
neighbor and weigh." However, there are a number of other rules that you
can use to help decode the spelling of an unfamiliar word. For example:
·
The letter Q is always followed by
U. In this case, the U is not considered to be a vowel.
·
The letter S never follows X.
·
To spell a short vowel sound, only
one letter is needed. Examples of this rule include at, red, it, hot, and up.
·
Drop the E. When a word ends with a
silent final E, it should be written without the E when adding an ending that
begins with a vowel. In this way, come becomes coming and hope becomes hoping.
·
When adding an ending to a word
that ends with Y, change the Y to I if it is preceded by a consonant. In this
way, supply becomes supplies and worry becomes worried.
·
All, written alone, has two L's.
When used as a prefix, however, only one L is written. Examples of this rule
include also and almost.
·
Generally, adding a prefix to a
word does not change the correct spelling.
·
Words ending in a vowel and Y can
add the suffix -ed or -ing without making any other change.
If you are interested in a rules-based approach to improving
your spelling skills, check out the Spelling Rules website. The creator of this site has developed a
Spell500 instructional method that uses spelling rules to teach students how to
master up to 500 new words per day. By focusing on understanding before
memorization, this study method proposes to drastically increase your spelling
abilities.
Additional
Information
To learn more about how you can use spelling rules to
become a better speller, check out the following helpful links:
·
Help with Spelling Problems for ESL Classes offers a list of simple rules to help people who are
learning English as a second language.
·
Dyslexia.org has a
list of spelling rules designed to assist learning disabled students in
mastering new vocabulary words.
·
Some Rules and Suggestions about Spelling contains spelling rules as well as general tips for
mastering new words.
·
Absolutely Ridiculous English Spelling provides a slightly humorous look at the seemingly
inconsistent methods of spelling everyday vocabulary words.
·
Garden of Praise has clever songs that you can use to help memorize a
variety of common spelling rules.
YourDictionary Web site has lists of 100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English and 150 More Often Misspelled Words in English that include rules you can use to help yourself remember
how to correctly spell these tricky words.
Read more at http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/spelling-and-word-lists/spelling-rules.html#LOHGfEGEWh2cplUU.99
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