Friday 15 November 2019

English Literature - Indian English Literature - Bits


A HISTORY OF INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE
DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL AND DRAMA (1857-1920)
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1.       Kylash Chunder Dutt first published the literary fantasy on 6th June 1835, depicting the story of an imaginary unsuccessful revolt against the British rule a hundred years later.
2.       Sushee Chunder Dutt published his novel “Repu8blic of Orissa” in 1845.
3.       Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote one novel in English ______________________ .
It was serialized in the Calcutta Weekly.
4.       Toru Dutt’s unfinished novel: “Bianca or The young Spanish Maiden”.
5.       Krupabai Satthianadhan’s novel: Kamala – A story of Hindu wife.
6.       Romesh Chunder Dutt’ novels (translated from Bengali):
·         “The Lake of Palms”
·         The Slave Girl of Agra
7.       A. Madhavaiah’s novels:
·         A Posthumous Autobiography
·         Clarinda
·         Nanda, the Pariah
8.       T. Ramakrishna Pillai:
His historical Romances: “Padmini” and “A Dive for Death”
9.       Sirdar Jagendra Singh:
·         His historical novel : “The Romance of an Indian Queen”
·         Other novels: “An Indian Medley”, “Kamala”, and “Kamni”.
10.   Rabindranath Tagore’s Dramas/ Plays:
·         Post Office
·         Chitra
·         King of the Dark Chamber
·         Red Orleanderers
·         Natir Puja
·         Sanyasi
·         The Cycle of Spring
·         Chitra
·         Malini
·         Sacrifice
·         The King and the Queen
·         Kacha and Devayani
·         Karna and Kunti
·         The Mother’s Prayer
11.   “Death or Dishonour”  is an Indian English play written by an anonymous author from North India.
12.   Krishna Mohan Banerjee wrote “Thye Persecuted or Dramatic Scenes”  in 1831.
13.   Michael Madhusudhan Dutt translated three of his Bengali plays into English. They are:
·         “Ratnavali”
·         “Sermista”
·         “Is this called civilization”?
14.   Sri Aurobindo wrote five complete and six incomplete verse plays.
·         The Witch of Ilni
·         A Dream of woodlanders
·         Achab
·         Esar
·         Persus the Deliverer
·         Rodogune
·         Vaziers of Balsora
15.   Harindranath Chattopadhyay – His plays:
·         “Abu Hasan”
·         Pundalik
·         Saku Bai
·         Jaya Deva
·         Chokha Mela
·         Ekanth Raidas
·         Tukaram
·         The Window and the Parrot
·         The Senry’s Lantern

16.   Srinivas Ayyangar’s plays:
·         Blessed is a wife
·         The Point of View
·         Wait for a Stroke

Early Indian Short Stories:
17.   Shoshee Chunder Dutt’s collection of short stories: “Tales from Indian History”
18.   “Shunkar: A Tale of Indian Mutiny of 1857” is a short story written by Shoshee Chunder Dutt.

DEVELOPMENT OF DRAMA, FICTION AND SHORT STORY FROM 1920-1947 (GANDHIAN ERA)
1.       The period between 1920 and 1947 is called Gandhian Era, because of the influence of Mahatma Gandhi on Indian Independence Movement.
2.       Gandhiji launched the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ in 1930.
3.       Quit India Movement started on the date “9th August 1942”.
4.       Mohd. Ali Jinnah became the president of Muslim League in 1934.
5.       The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in 1920.
6.       Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869.
7.       Books written by Mahatma Gandhi:
·         Hind Swaraj
·         Satyagraha in South Africa
·         Indian Home Rule
·         Hind Swaraj and Indian Home Rule

8.       Gandhiji’s autobiography – “My Experiments with Truth”

9.       Journals edited by Gandhi were:
·         Young India
·         Satyagraha
·         Navajivan

10.   Books written by Jawahar Lal Nehru:
·         “Soviet Russia”
·         “Whither India”
·         “Glimpses of World History”
·         “An Autobiography”
·         “The Discovery of India”\

11.   Books written by Sarvepalli Radha Krishnan:
·         The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore
·         The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy
·         The Hindu View of Life
·         Kalki or The future of Civilization
·         An Idealist view of life

12.    The trio of Indian English Novel are:
·         Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, and Raja Rao

13.   The novels of A.S. Pamcha Pakesa Ayyar:
·         Sita’s choice
·         The Slave of Ideas

14.   The plays of Tyagaraja Paramasiva Kailasam:
·         Little Lays and Plays
·         The Burden and Fulfilment
·         In Fulfilment
·         A Monologue: Don’t cry

15.   The two plays of Bharati Sarabhai:
·         The Well of the People
·         Two Women

16.   Plays written by Joseph Mathias Lobo- Prbhu:
·         Mother of New India
·         Death Abdicates
·         Apes in the Parlour

17.   Novels of K.S. Venkata Ramani:

·         Murugan, the Tiller
·         Kandan The Patriot: A Novel of New India in the Making

18.   Novels of A.S.P. Ayyar:

·         Baladitya

19.   Novels of Krishna Swamy Nagarajan:

·         “Athavar House”
·         “Chronicles of Kedaram”

20.   Mulk Raj Anand:

Anand’s remarks on his fiction: “the double burden on my shoulders, the Alps of the European tradition and the Himalayas of my Indian past.”

·         Apology for Heroism” – is an autobiographical writing of Mulk Raj Anand
·         “Untouchable”  is the first novel of Mulk Raj Anand (published in 1935)
·         Anand’s other famous novels:
o   Coolie
o   The Big Heart
o   Two Leaves and a Bud
21.   R.K. Narayan:

·         R.K. Narayan’s full name: Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Narayan
·         R.K. Narayan’s first novel – “Swami and Friends” (published in 1935) – In this novel, the hero is ‘Swamy’, a school going boy.
·         “The Bachelor of Arts”  is Narayan’s novel published in 1937 – In this, the hero is ‘Chandran’, a sensitive young graduate caught in a conflict between the western ideas of love and marriage.
·         “The Dark Room” is a novel written by R.K. Narayan – It depicts the traditional Indian social setup, family and gender relations. – Savitri is the heroine/ main charater in this novel which represents the middle class Indian woman.
·         “The English Teacher” is Narayan’s last novel before independence.
·         “The Guide”  is Narayan’s famous novel, which brought him Sahitya Akademi award in 1960. ‘Raju’ , a railway guide is the hero in this novel.
·         In the novel “The Financial Expert” written by Narayan, the hero is ‘Margayya’.
·         Other famous novels of R.K. Narayan:
o   “The Man Eater of Malgudi”
o   A Tiger for Malgudi
o   Waiting for the Mahatma
o   The Vendor of Sweets
o   The Talkative Man

22.   Raja Rao:

·         Raja Rao is the youngest of the trio of Indian novelists  He is considered to be the most “Indian” of Indian English novelists. He is a symbol,ist, stylist and a philosophical novelist.
·         Raja Rao is deeply influenced by sages like Pandit Taranath of the Tungabhadra Ashram and Sri Atmanand Guru of Trivandrum.
·         Raja Rao is very much attached to the Indian ethos.
·         Raja Rao has written only four novels
·         His first novel is ‘Kanthapura’. – It is the story of a sough Indian vi9llage caught in the spirit of freedom struggle.  Murthy  is the central character (hero) in this novel.
·         Raja Rao’s other famous novels:
o   “The Serpent and The Rope”- He got Sahithya Akademi award in 1963 for this book. Rama Swamy  is the hero of this novel. The novel indicates the theme of quest for self knowledge.
o   “The Cat and Shakespeare” – is a (novel) Philosophical fiction written by Raja Rao. It is a funny story of deep Philosophical importance.
o   “Comrade Kirillov”  - is a novel by Raja Rao
o    

23.   Muslim Novelists:

During the Gandhian era, there emerged some Muslim novelists.  They wrote evocatively about life in the Muslim households. 

·         Ahmed Ali wrote a novel “Twilight in Delhi”.  In this novel, he portrayed the story of Mir Nihal from the middle class Muslim family. His another novel “Ocean of Night” is another nostalgic study of Muslim society. 
·         Iqbalunnisa Hussain is the author of “Purdah and Polygamy”
·         Humayun Kabir is the author of “Men and Rivers”.
·         Amir Ali is the author of “Conflict”.
·         K.A. Abbas wrote many novels and popular film scripts.

24.   Indian English Short Story:

·         Several short story writers came into prominence during Gandhian Era.
·         The novelists like Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao also wrote several short stories.
·         T.L. Natesan wrote “The Children of Kaveri and Creatures” under the pen-name Shankar Ram.
·         A.S.P. Ayyar published three collections of stories: Indian After-Dinner stories, Sense in Sex and Other stories.
·         S.K. Chettur wrote “Muffled Drums and other Stories”, a collection of short stories.
·         Manjeri Isbaran wrote many collections of stories. Some of them are: “The naked Shingles”; “Siva Ratri”, “Angry Dust”, and “Rikshawalla”.
·         Mulk Raj Anand brought of seven collections of short stories. He retold traditional Indian tales in addition to his original compositions. His stories are wide ranging in mood and tone.
·         R.K. Narayan’s first collection of short stories is –“Cyclone and other stories”. Narayan’s famous collection of short stories is “Malgudi Days”. This was made into a T.V. serial also.
·         Raja Rao published some collections of stories– “The Cow and the Barricade and other stories”; “The Policeman and the Rose” and “India – A Fable”.

INDIAN ENGLISH FICTION FROM 1947- ONWARDS: Post Independence Period

25.   The Indian novel in English has gone far ahead of poetry, both in quantity and quality, despite its late start. With the Gandhian struggle for freedom, the Indian English novel really comes to its own.
26.   Some of the major themes of the Indian English novel are: Nationalism, the East-West conflict, Gandhian ideology, the struggle for independence and various social and economic issues such as casteism, poverty and industrial development.
27.   In the post-independent era, the dramatic shift was to the colonial period, reexamination of imperialism, multi culturalism of Indian society, psychoanalysis of national identity and emergence of India as a sovereign nation. 
28.   The post Independence era has witnessed the emergence of a large number of eminent women novelists like Ruth Prawar Jhabwala, Anita Desai, etc.





IMPORTANT NOVELISTS

29.   Bhavani Bhattacharya:

·         Bhavani Bhattacharya is the earliest social realist.
·         He believes that Art must teach, but unobtrusively, by its vivid interpretation of life. He felt that a novel must have a social purpose.
·         His first novel “Many Hungers”. – In this novel, the theme is exploitation, set against the background of the ‘Quit India’ movement.
·         His novel “Music for Mohini” is the story of Mohini, a city- bred, village-wed girl and her adjustment to her new life-style.
·         His other novels: “He Who Rides a Tiger”; “Shadow from Ladakh”; “ A Dream in Hawali”.

30.   Manohar Malgaonkar:

·         Manohar Malgaonkar is a realist. He believes that art has no purpose to serve except pure entertainment.
·         After retirement from army service, he began his writing career as a novelist.
·         His novels are:
o   “DramatistDrums”;  
o   Combat Shadows”;
o   “The Prince”; and
o   “A Bend in the Ganges”.

31.   Kushwant Singh:

·         His famous books on history are: “Ranjit Singh Maharajah of the Punjab” and “A History of the Sikhs”.
·         His translation is: “The Sacred Writings of the Sikh’s”.
·         His famous novel in English: “A Train to Pakistan” – The theme of this novel is partition of India and Pakistan.
·         His other novels: “I shall not hear the Nightingale”

32.   Menon Marath -  

·         He is a native of Kerala. His novels are rooted in the soil of his native place.
·         His novels are: “Wound of Spring” and “The Sole of an Island”.

33.   Bala Chandra Rajan

·         His novels reflect realism and fantasy.  His realism is more psychological. 
·         His Novels:
o   “The Dark Chamber” -  this shows the problem of East-West confrontation
o   “Too long in the West” -  it is a comic novel.


34.   Subhindranath Ghose:

·         His novels are an exciting experiment of the Indian ethos (culture).
·         His popular novels are:
o   “And Gazelles Leaping”;
o   “Cradle of the Clouds”
o   “The Vermillion Boat”
o   “The Flame of The Forest”
o   “The Strange case of Billy Biswas” – This is his best work.
·          

35.    



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